Ukulungisa iibhetri zemoto kunye ne-e-bike kusindisa imali kunye nezixhobo, kodwa iingxaki zibambe ukukhula kweshishini
U-Rich Benoit ufumana iifowuni malunga namaxesha amathathu ngosuku ukusuka kubanikazi be-Tesla Model S endala ibhetri yakhe iqalile ukungaphumeleli kwivenkile yakhe yemoto, Igaraji yombane.Iibhetri ezinokubonelela ngeemayile ezingamakhulu oluhlu ngequbuliso zingahlala kuphela iimayile ezingama-50 ngentlawulo.Ezi zithuthi zihlala zingafiki newaranti, kwaye ukutshintshwa kwebhetri kunokubiza ngaphezulu kwe-15,000 yeedola.
Kwiimveliso ezininzi, ukulungiswa kuyindlela yoqoqosho ngakumbi kunokutshintshwa.UBenoit, oqhuba enye yeevenkile ezimbalwa ezizimeleyo zokulungisa iTesla e-US, uthe iibhetri ezininzi zeTesla zilungiswa ngokwethiyori.Kodwa ngenxa yexesha kunye noqeqesho olubandakanyekayo, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko kunye nobunzima bokulungiswa, uBenoit uthi ukulungisa ibhetri yemoto kwivenkile yakhe kunokubiza i-$ 10,000, ngaphezu kokuba abaninzi abathengi bazimisele ukuhlawula.Endaweni yoko, abantu abaninzi bakhetha ukuthengisa okanye ukulahla iimoto zabo ezindala kwaye bathenge iTesla entsha, utshilo.
"[Imoto] iphantse yafana nento enokutyiwa ngoku, njengeTV," utshilo uBenoit.
Amava kaBenoit abonisa ingxaki yokuba abamkeli bokuqala bezithuthi zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane ze-micromobility ezifana ne-e-bikes kunye ne-e-scooters ziqala ukujongana: Ezi zithuthi ziqulethe iibhetri ezinkulu, ezibizayo ezingabikho ngokuhamba kwexesha.Ukwenziwa ngokutsha kwezi bhetri kunokubonelela ngeenzuzo zozinzo ngokonga amandla kunye nemithombo ebinokuthi ngenye indlela isetyenziswe ukwenza iibhetri ezintsha.Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwizithuthi zombane, eziqulethe iibhetri ezinkulu kakhulu ekufuneka zisetyenziswe iminyaka ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ngexesha lemveliso yazo.Kodwa izithuthi ezininzi zombane kunye neebhetri zemoto zombane zenzelwe ukuba kube nzima ukuzilungisa, kwaye abanye abavelisi bayawukhuthalela lo mkhuba, bekhankanya iinkxalabo zokhuseleko.Imiba yoyilo, iimfuno zokhuseleko kunye nokunqongophala kwamalungu kwenza kube nzima kubakhandi abambalwa abazimeleyo abanikwe umsebenzi wokubonelela ngemoto yombane okanye iibhetri ze-e-bike ukuba zikwazi ukulungisa.
"Zininzi iibhetri kwinkunkuma ezinokuhlaziywa," utsho uTimothée Rouffignac, ophethe inkampani encinci yokulungisa ibhetri ye-e-bike ebizwa ngokuba yiDaurema eBrussels, eBelgium.Kodwa “ngenxa yokuba azenzelwanga ukulungiswa, kunzima ukufumana ixabiso elihle.”
Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion kwii-smartphones ziqulethe "iseli" equkethe i-graphite anode, i-cathode yensimbi kunye ne-electrolyte engamanzi evumela i-lithium ion ukuba ihambe ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye, idala amandla ombane.Iibhetri zebhayisekile zombane zidla ngokuqulatha iiseli ezininzi.Ngeli xesha, iibhetri zemoto zombane zinokuqulatha amakhulu ukuya kumawaka eeseli ezizimeleyo, ezihlala zipakishwa “kwiimodyuli” emva koko zidityaniswe kwiipakethi zebhetri.Ukongeza kwiiseli kunye neemodyuli, iibhetri zemoto zombane kunye ne-e-bike zihlala zibandakanya inkqubo yokulawula ibhetri ebeka iliso kwimpilo yebhetri kunye nokulawula ukutshaja kunye nokukhupha amaxabiso.
Zonke iibhetri ze-lithium-ion zithotywa ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ekugqibeleni ziya kufuna ukutshintshwa.Nangona kunjalo, xa ibhetri iqulethe iiseli ezininzi kunye namanye amacandelo, ubomi bayo ngamanye amaxesha bunokwandiswa ngokulungiswa, inkqubo ebandakanya ukuchonga kunye nokutshintsha iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye iimodyuli, kunye nokulungisa ezinye izinto eziphosakeleyo, ezifana nenkqubo yokulawula ibhetri ephosakeleyo.Kwezinye iimeko, imodyuli enye kuphela ekufuneka itshintshwe.Ukutshintsha le modyuli, kunokutshintsha ibhetri yonke, kunciphisa imfuno yesinyithi njenge-lithium, kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ehambelana nokuvelisa ibhetri yokutshintshwa (okanye imoto entsha).Oku kwenza ukulungiswa kwebhetri "ilungele uqoqosho lwesetyhula (inkqubo egcina kwaye iphinde isebenzise izixhobo)," kusho uGavin Harper, umphandi ofunda ukugcinwa kwebhetri kwiYunivesithi yaseBirmingham e-UK.
Nangona ingabizi mali iphantsi, unokonga imali ngokulungisa ibhetri yakho.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukulungisa ibhetri ye-EV kubiza malunga nesiqingatha seendleko zebhetri entsha.I-Cox Automotive iqikelela ukuba ukususela oko yaqala ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokulungisa ibhetri ye-EV kwi-2014, igcine ngaphezu kwe-1 gigawatt-yure yeebhetri, ngokwaneleyo ukunika amandla malunga ne-17,000 izithuthi zombane ezintsha ukusuka ekulahlekeni kwangaphambi kwexesha.
"Zininzi izizathu zokuba kutheni ukulungiswa kuneendleko ezingaphezulu kunokutshintsha," Unceda uxelele uGrist.
Kodwa iingcali zithi ukulungiswa kwebhetri kuyingozi kwaye akufanele kwenziwe ekhaya okanye ngabaqalayo.Ukuba ibhetri yonakele ngexesha lokulungiswa, inokubangela isekethe emfutshane, enokubangela umlilo okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo.Ukungaphumeleli ukunxiba iiglavu zombane ophezulu ezifanelekileyo xa uzama ukuzilungisa kunokubangela ukothuka kombane.Ukuba awuyazi into oyenzayo, "udlala ngomlilo," kusho uJohn Matna, umnini we-e-bike yokulungisa i-Chattanooga Electric Bike Co. Waphawula ukuba ezinye iibhetri zebhayisikili zombane ziqulethe "umbane owaneleyo wokubulala. umntu."
Kuyanceda ukutsho ukuba ukulungiswa kwebhetri kufuna ubuncinci uqeqesho lwevoltage ephezulu, amava ombane, izixhobo zokuzikhusela, kunye "nokuqonda okusisiseko kolwakhiwo kunye nendlela iibhetri ezisebenza ngayo."Abo bajonge ukulungisa iibhetri ze-EV nabo bafuna izixhobo zokuphakamisa isithuthi phantsi kwaye basuse ngokomzimba ibhetri, enobunzima beepounds ezingamawaka.
“Bambalwa kakhulu abantu abanokuthi bazame okanye bazame into enje,” utshilo uBenoit.
Kodwa kwanabo banoqeqesho olufanelekileyo bahlala benobunzima bokulungisa isithuthi sombane okanye iibhetri ze-e-bike ngenxa yoyilo lwabo.Iibhetri ezininzi ze-e-bike ziza kwiibhokisi zeplastiki eziqinileyo ezinzima, ukuba akunakwenzeka, ukuvula ngaphandle kokonakalisa amacandelo angaphakathi.Ngaphakathi kwebhetri ye-e-bhayisekile okanye iimodyuli zebhetri ze-EV, iiseli zihlala zincamathelisiwe okanye zidityaniswe ndawonye, ezenza kube nzima okanye kungenzeki ukubuyisela umntu ngamnye.Ukongeza, njengoko ingxelo ye-2021 evela kwi-Arhente yokusiNgqongileyo yaseYurophu iqaqambisa, ezinye iibhetri ze-EV zinesoftware enokubangela ukuba ibhetri ivalwe ukuba kukho iimpawu zokuphazamisa.
Abavelisi bathi iibhetri zabo zenzelwe ukuphucula ukhuseleko, ukuqina kunye nokusebenza, kodwa oku kunokuza kwindleko yokulungiswa, njengoko abaninzi abavelisi abagubungela ixesha lewaranti (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emibini kwiimpawu ezinkulu kunye ne-e-bike brand) banikezela ngokutshintshwa simahla. okanye ngesaphulelo.iibhetri.Izithuthi zombane zihlala kwi-8 ukuya kwi-10 iminyaka okanye i-100,000 miles).Abameli bokulungisa, kwelinye icala, baxoxa ukuba uyilo lwemodyuli eneziqhoboshi ezibuyiselwa umva ezifana neziqeshana ezisusekayo okanye iiteyiphu ezincamathelayo azilubeki esichengeni ukhuseleko kwaye izibonelelo zoyilo lolungiso zodlula kakhulu iindleko.
Abezopolitiko baseYurophu baqala ukuphulaphula abaxhasi.Ngo-Agasti, i-European Union yamkele ummiselo omtsha ojoliswe ekwenzeni iibhetri zikhuseleke ngakumbi kwindalo.Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubandakanya isibonelelo esifuna iibhetri ezisetyenziswa kwii-e-bikes kunye nezinye "izithuthi ezilula" ezifana ne-e-scooters ukuba zinikwe inkonzo ngabasebenzi abazimeleyo, ukuya kwinqanaba leseli yomntu.Imboni ye-e-bike yaseYurophu iye yachasana kakhulu nomgaqo ngenxa yokukhathazeka malunga nokhuseleko, ukuqinisekiswa kwebhetri kunye noxanduva lomthetho, kwaye ngoku ijongene nendlela yokuthobela.
"Sisajonga indlela esinokuhlangabezana ngayo neemfuno zemigaqo emitsha yebhetri ye-EU ngelixa sithobela imigaqo yokhuseleko esebenzayo kunye nemigangatho yethu yomgangatho ophezulu," umenzi webhetri we-e-bike uBosch uxelele uGrist.UBosch uphawule imingeni ejongene nabavelisi."Indlela eyahlukileyo ibonakala e-United States," apho "imimiselo engqongqo kunye nemigangatho ephezulu iqaliswa kwiibhetri ze-e-bike kunye neenkqubo."
Enyanisweni, iKhomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi we-Federal Consumer Product kutshanje yazisa ukuba ihlaziya imimiselo yee-e-bikes kunye neebhetri zazo.Kuza emva kokuba kutsha nje ukutsha kwebhetri ye-e-bike nako kubangele intshukumo yomgaqo-nkqubo wendawo.IBhunga lesiXeko saseNew York kutshanje litshintshe ikhowudi yalo yomlilo ukunqanda "indibano okanye ukulungiswa kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion" kwiibhetri ezisetyenzisiweyo ezivela kwezinye iibhetri, eziye zilungiswe ngamanye amaxesha.
Esi sixeko sikwapasise kutsha nje umthetho ofuna abavelisi bezithuthi zombane baqinisekise ukuba iibhetri zeemveliso zabo ziqinisekisiwe kumgangatho woyilo we-UL 2271, enjongo yawo ikukuphucula ukhuseleko.Iibhetri ezenziwe ngokutsha zihlangabezana nezi mfuno, utshilo u-Ibrahim Jilani, umlawuli wehlabathi jikelele weteknoloji yabathengi kwi-UL Solutions, inkampani yamazwe ngamazwe evavanya imigangatho yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiimveliso ezininzi kunye nemveliso yabathengi kunye nezixhobo.Umgangatho omnye.Kodwa uGilani uthe iinkampani zokulungisa ziya kufuneka "zigcine uyilo njengoko lwalunjalo ngaphambi kokulungiswa," kubandakanywa ukusebenzisa iibhetri kunye nezinto ze-elektroniki zendlela efanayo kunye nemodeli.Iivenkile zokulungisa iibhetri kufuneka kwakhona zihlolwe kwindawo ye-UL kane ngonyaka, okuya kubabiza ngaphezu kwe-5,000 yeedola ngonyaka, utshilo uJilani.*
Xa kuthelekiswa neebhayisekile zombane, abenzi bomthetho baye bakhululeka malunga nokulungisa iibhetri ze-EV.Akukho mithetho okanye imimiselo ethile eUnited States elungisa lo mba.Imithetho emitsha yebhetri ye-EU nayo ayijongani nokulungiswa kweebhetri zemoto yombane, kodwa icebisa ukuba abezomthetho bahlaziye imimiselo yemoto nganye "ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi bhetri zinokususwa, zitshintshwe kwaye ziqhaqhe."
Umbutho we-inshurensi waseJamani i-GDV "iwuxhasa ngamandla" umbono, isithethi saxelela uGrist.Ngo-Oktobha, iqela lipapashe iziphumo zophando olufumene ukuba izithuthi zombane zibiza isithathu ngaphezulu ukulungiswa kunezithuthi ezifaniswa nepetroli ezisebenza ngepetroli, umphumo uchazwe ngeendleko eziphezulu zokulungisa okanye ukubuyisela iibhetri.
"Uninzi lwee-automakers aluyi kuvumela ukulungiswa kwebhetri nokuba ibhokisi yebhetri yonakele kancinci," isithethi se-GDV sixelele uGrist.Abavelisi beemoto ngamanye amaxesha bathatha isigqibo sokutshintsha ibhetri ukuba imoto ikwingozi ebekwe i-airbag.Zombini izenzo "zinokubangela ukunyuka kweendleko zokulungisa" kwaye ekugqibeleni iintlawulo ze-inshurensi eziphezulu, utshilo isithethi.
Imimiselo emitsha malunga nokulungiswa kweebhetri zemoto zombane ziza ngexesha elinzima.Uncedo lweCox Automotive uthe kukho iindlela ezimbini ngaxeshanye kuyilo lwebhetri ye-EV: "Iibhetri ziya kuba lula kakhulu ukuzigcina okanye azinakukwazi ukuzigcina kwaphela."
Ezinye iibhetri, ezifana neVolkswagen ID.4 iibhetri, zinemodyuli ye-Lego-style ekulula ukuyisusa kunye nokutshintsha.Ezinye iipakethi zebhetri, ezinje ngebhetri entsha yeTesla 4680, ayinazo iimodyuli kwaphela.Endaweni yoko, zonke iiseli zidityaniswe kunye kwaye zincanyathiselwe kwibhetri ngokwayo.Inceda ukuchaza olu yilo “njengolungenakulungiseka.”Ukuba ibhetri eyonakeleyo ifunyenwe, ibhetri iyonke kufuneka itshintshwe.
“Iselibhetri enokuphinda isetyenziswe,” utshilo uHelps.“Awunakukwazi ukuyilungisa.”
Eli nqaku lapapashwa kuqala nguGrist, umbutho weendaba ongenzi nzuzo ogubungela imozulu, ubulungisa kunye nezisombululo.
I-Scientific American yinxalenye yeSpringer Nature, engabanini okanye enobudlelwane borhwebo kunye namawakawaka oshicilelo lwenzululwazi (uninzi lwalo lunokufumaneka ku-www.springernature.com/us).I-Scientific American igcina umgaqo-nkqubo ongqongqo wenkululeko yokuhlela ekuchazeni inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kubafundi bethu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-26-2023